Biomarkers
What your labs actually mean — optimal ranges, not just lab-normal, with every claim cited.
Optimal Fasting Insulin: Ranges, HOMA-IR, and Why Lab-Normal Is Not OptimalOptimal fasting insulin level: under 5 µIU/mL. Labs flag only above 25. Interpretation bands, the HOMA-IR formula, and evidence-based ways to lower it.ApoB Optimal Range: What Your Number Means and How to Lower ItApoB optimal range: under 80 mg/dL (0.80 g/L); 100–119 is high. What ApoB 110 means, ApoB vs LDL, and how to lower ApoB naturally, with cited numbers.Cortisol Levels by Time of Day: Normal Ranges Chart (µg/dL and nmol/L)Cortisol levels by time of day: normal ranges at 8 a.m., noon, 4 p.m. and midnight in µg/dL and nmol/L, plus the awakening response and saliva vs blood tests.Optimal Ferritin Levels: What Labs Call Normal vs What the Evidence SupportsOptimal ferritin levels sit around 50–150 ng/mL. Why a “normal” 30 can still mean fatigue, hair loss or restless legs — and how to raise ferritin safely.Homocysteine Optimal Level: What Your Number Means — and the Honest B-Vitamin StoryHomocysteine optimal level: under 8 µmol/L is the debated functional target; labs flag above 15. What 12 means, the honest B-vitamin trial data, and MTHFR.Uric Acid Optimal Level: What Labs Allow vs the 5.5 mg/dL Longevity TargetUric acid optimal level: under 5.5 mg/dL (327 µmol/L) for metabolic health, labs allow up to 7.2, crystals form above 6.8. Evidence grades + how to lower it.Lp(a) Levels: nmol/L vs mg/dL, Risk Cutoffs, and What Actually Lowers ItLp(a) risk cutoffs in nmol/L and mg/dL, why mg/dL to nmol/L conversion is only approximate, what 90 nmol/L means, and what actually lowers lipoprotein(a).RBC Magnesium vs Serum Magnesium: Which Test Actually Detects Deficiency?RBC magnesium vs serum: why serum (1.7–2.2 mg/dL) misses tissue depletion, what the 4.2–6.8 mg/dL RBC range really means, and which test to order.
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